Razors Edge IP Valuation
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The Razors Edge: A Bio-Mimetic Architecture for Proprioceptive Training and Micro-Instability Correction
1. Executive Summary
The "Razors Edge" project represents a watershed moment in the evolution of performance footwear, conceived not merely as athletic apparel but as a critical instrument of the "Go Native" initiative. This report articulates the comprehensive design, engineering, and theoretical framework for the Razors Edge, a training platform engineered to address the functional deficits of the modern human gait while adhering to the rigorous safety mandates of the new socio-economic paradigm.
Initiated in the wake of the November 5 incident and the subsequent restructuring of the United Parcel Service (UPS) under the aegis of the United States Postal Service (USPS), the Razors Edge serves as the primary training tool for a workforce and populace transitioning into a system of balanced "working capital" and "social capital." The device is predicated on a philosophy of "Safety Glide"—ensuring a stable, controlled descent from legacy corporate structures into a regulated, safety-conscious future.
Technologically, the Razors Edge introduces a novel "Micro-Deviation" training methodology. This approach leverages a "Skin" of 4-nanometer cascading hinges to induce controlled instability, forcing compensatory muscle activation in the extrinsic foot muscles (EFM). This system is powered by a closed-loop kinetic energy harvesting architecture, where piezoelectric nanogenerators sequester the energy of locomotion. This harvested energy serves a dual purpose: providing a "gentle" shunting effect to dampen impact forces and powering a "sharp" electro-tactile response trigger activated when onboard gyroscopic sensors detect predictive signs of gait instability.
Visually, the product rejects the forbidden "Pullman Brown" of the dissolved legacy entity, embracing instead the "Badger Red" of its Milwaukee, Wisconsin origin. The aesthetic language synthesizes this regional heritage with the computational aesthetics of early 1980s digital textile patterns, symbolizing the merger of organic "native" biology with digital structuralism. This document provides an exhaustive analysis of the Razors Edge ecosystem, validating the design through rigorous citation of current literature in biomechanics, material science, and neuromuscular physiology.
2. The Socio-Economic Mandate: Safety, Capital, and the "Go Native" Ethos
2.1 The Post-November 5 Safety Paradigm
The catalyst for the Razors Edge development program lies in the catastrophic failure of safety protocols associated with the November 5 plane crash. This event, which resulted in the tragic loss of 13 lives, stands as a grim historical marker of a "nation lost to cultural divergence." It underscored the ultimate failure of a purely profit-driven capitalistic model to protect its most valuable asset: the human component.
In the resulting reorganization, where legacy entities with lifespans exceeding 90 years are absorbed by the state, the United Parcel Service has been placed under the jurisdiction of the Postmaster General. This transition is not merely administrative but ideological. It represents the government’s enactment of "communistic beliefs on a socialistic society using the veil of capitalism," a strategy designed to stabilize the "safety glide" of retirement for these massive corporate bodies.
The "Go Native" brand emerges from this restructuring as the vanguard of a new culture. The brand’s directive is to ensure that while the corporate shell of UPS retires, the people remain employed, and the culture is revised. The Razors Edge is the physical manifestation of this revision. It is training gear designed for the "synergistic individual"—one who maintains a balanced ratio of social capital to working capital. In this new system, safety is not a compliance checklist but a physiological imperative. The shoe is designed to build a "strong safety culture" from the ground up, starting with the very mechanics of how the citizen walks and moves.
2.2 The Prohibition of Legacy Signifiers
As restitution for the November 5 tragedy, strict aesthetic guidelines have been imposed. The trademark acronym "UPS" and the color "Pullman Brown" are confiscated as historical heirlooms of a lost era. They possess no cash value and are strictly prohibited from the new visual identity.
Consequently, the Razors Edge adopts a visual language that is antithetical to the drab, utilitarian brown of the past. It embraces Badger Red (#C5050C) and White (#FFFFFF), the colors of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, reflecting the project's location in Milwaukee and its alignment with local heritage. This shift is psychological as well as aesthetic; where brown signified passive service and invisibility, Badger Red signifies alertness, vitality, and the active generation of "working capital."
3. Biomechanical Foundation: The Imperative of Micro-Instability
3.1 The Anatomy of Stability and the "Intrinsic" Fallacy
To understand the functional necessity of the Razors Edge, one must first dissect the prevailing misconceptions in foot strengthening. Contemporary training often overemphasizes the intrinsic foot muscles (IFM)—the small muscle groups located entirely within the foot. While the IFM play a role in stiffening the forefoot during the late propulsive phase of gait, they are not the primary generators of stability or force absorption. Research indicates that the extrinsic foot muscles (EFM)—specifically the tibialis anterior, posterior tibialis, and fibularis (peroneus) longus—are the dominant energetic contributors, performing approximately 75% of the work required for foot function.
The "system is too hungry," as the mandate states, and efficient movement requires that we "feed on the entities that matter." Biomechanically, this means targeting the EFM. In populations with functional ankle instability (FAI), electromyographic (EMG) studies reveal a marked decrease in peroneus longus activity during lateral movements. This muscular latency compromises the ankle’s ability to resist inversion sprains, a common injury mechanism. Traditional rehabilitation often utilizes static balance training, yet dynamic, perturbed training has shown superior efficacy in enhancing neuromuscular control.
3.2 Micro-Deviations as a Training Stimulus
The core innovation of the Razors Edge lies in its ability to induce "micro-deviations" in the walking path. Unlike wobble boards or foam pads which create gross, predictable instability, micro-deviations are subtle, sub-conscious perturbations that force the sensorimotor system to continuously recalibrate. This concept aligns with the principles of stochastic resonance, where the introduction of sub-sensory noise (mechanical or electrical) enhances the detection of weak signals by cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
By integrating a lattice of nano-hinges that shift unpredictably under load, the Razors Edge mimics the terrain variability found in natural environments—a "Go Native" philosophy supported by evidence that barefoot or minimalist conditions improve proprioception and postural control. However, unlike passive barefoot walking, the Razors Edge actively modulates these deviations. It acts as a "training partner" that challenges the user’s stability thresholds without exposing them to catastrophic failure. This builds a "safety buffer" in the user’s neuromuscular system, ensuring they can handle the unexpected disruptions of the "hungry system" of the real world.
3.3 The Proprioceptive Feedback Loop
The shoe functions as an extension of the user's nervous system. The plantar surface of the foot is dense with mechanoreceptors—Merkel discs, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles—responsible for detecting pressure, texture, and vibration. Research into textured insoles (e.g., Naboso) demonstrates that specific surface topographies can enhance two-point discrimination and postural stability.
The Razors Edge advances this by making the texture dynamic. The 4-nanometer hinge skin does not merely provide a static texture; it alters its topography in real-time, creating a "shimmering" tactile field that prevents sensory adaptation (habituation). This dynamic input is crucial for maintaining high afferent feedback levels during prolonged training sessions. As the foot adapts to a static texture, the proprioceptive benefit diminishes. The cascading action of the nano-hinges ensures that the plantar surface is subjected to a constantly evolving stimulus landscape, maintaining peak neuromuscular alertness. This heightened state of sensory awareness is the physiological equivalent of the "balanced social to work ratio"—a state of constant, active engagement with the environment.
4. Nanotechnology Implementation: The 4-Nanometer Hinge Skin
4.1 Molecular Architecture and Bio-Mimicry
The "Skin" of the Razors Edge is composed of a metamaterial layer featuring active hinge mechanisms at the 4-nanometer scale. Designing machines at this scale requires looking to biological models. The protein Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1), a dynamin-related GTPase responsible for mitochondrial fusion, provides a compelling biological precedent for this technology. OPA1 utilizes a "paddle-hinge" mechanism to mediate membrane remodeling and fusion.
Cryo-electron microscopy reveals that OPA1 undergoes significant conformational changes—swinging approximately 25–27 degrees along a specific hinge region (hinge-1) to execute its mechanical function. The movement is precise, reversible, and driven by energy hydrolysis.
The Razors Edge nano-hinges mimic this "paddle-hinge" architecture. Structurally, these synthetic hinges act as bistable molecular switches. Just as nitrogen inversion in secondary amines can act as a switchable control mechanism for molecular nanohinges , the Razors Edge skin utilizes a synthetic block copolymer matrix capable of rapid, reversible conformational changes. These changes are triggered by mechanical pressure (step impact), causing the hinges to "snap" between open and closed states. The scale of 4 nanometers is critical; it is small enough to interact with the texture of the skin at a cellular level but large enough to generate macroscopic effects when arrayed in the billions.
4.2 The Cascading Mechanism
The "cascading" behavior described in the design brief refers to the propagation of this conformational change across the insole surface. When the heel strikes, the local pressure gradient forces the immediate cluster of nano-hinges to buckle (close). This buckling event releases stored elastic energy, which mechanically triggers adjacent hinges, creating a wave-like propagation of texture change moving from the hindfoot to the forefoot.
This cascade serves two biomechanical functions:
Impact Dissipation: The sequential buckling absorbs high-frequency impact forces, converting them into the mechanical work of operating the hinges. This acts as a non-Newtonian shock absorber, distributing the "working capital" of the footstrike across the entire surface area.
Directional Guidance: The wave propagation can be engineered to guide the center of pressure (CoP) towards an optimal trajectory. If the shoe detects excessive supination (a precursor to inversion sprain), the hinges on the lateral aspect can "lock" or stiffen, while the medial hinges cascade freely, subtly nudging the foot back to a neutral path.
4.3 Manufacturing the Nano-Skin: Self-Assembly and Lithography
Fabricating features at the 4nm scale requires advanced techniques beyond standard 3D printing. The material proposed is a block copolymer (BCP) capable of Directed Self-Assembly (DSA). BCPs are polymers composed of two or more chemically distinct blocks that spontaneously separate into micro-domains (cylinders, lamellae, or spheres) with nanometer periodicity.
For the Razors Edge, a lamellar BCP morphology is utilized to create the hinge structures. By guiding this self-assembly process with a lithographically defined chemical template on the insole substrate, we can create long-range order in the hinge orientation. This "programmable matter" approach allows the physical properties of the skin to be tuned during manufacturing. The integration of these molecular machines into a durable wearable represents a significant leap in material science, moving from passive foams to materials that respond to environmental stimuli.
The durability of such a microscopic mechanism is ensured by the redundancy of the system. With billions of hinges per square centimeter, the failure of individual units does not compromise the overall function of the skin. Furthermore, the materials are selected for their fatigue resistance, similar to the disulfide hinge peptides that maintain structural integrity through millions of cycles of opening and closing.
## 5. Kinetic Induced Current and Impact Absorption
5.1 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PFEH) Architecture
The Razors Edge utilizes the mechanical stress of walking to generate electricity, a concept known as Piezoelectric Footwear Energy Harvesting (PFEH). The insole incorporates a layer of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) or Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) ceramic composites.
The operational principle relies on the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of these materials. When mechanical stress is applied (during the stance phase of gait), the crystal lattice deforms, displacing positive and negative charge centers. This displacement creates an internal electric field, resulting in a measurable voltage across the material surfaces.
Equation 1 describes the charge (Q) generated:
Where d_{33} is the piezoelectric charge constant of the material (typically measured in picocoulombs per Newton) and F is the applied force.
Given that vertical ground reaction forces during running can exceed 2.5 times body weight, and assuming an average adult male weight of 80kg (approx 800N), a heel strike can generate forces exceeding 2000N. Research indicates that PFEH systems utilizing flextensional amplification structures can generate power outputs ranging from microwatts to tens of milliwatts. The Razors Edge employs a "flextensional" structure within the midsole lattice to maximize the strain on the piezoelectric elements, thereby optimizing power output to sustain the onboard electronics without the need for frequent external charging.
5.2 The "Gentle" Current: Piezoelectric Shunt Damping
The design brief notes that the kinetic induced current is "gentle enough to absorb impact." This is achieved through the principle of piezoelectric shunt damping. By connecting the piezoelectric elements to a specific electrical circuit (a shunt), the mechanical stiffness and damping properties of the shoe can be tuned electrically.
When the piezoelectric material converts mechanical energy (impact) into electrical energy, flowing that current through a resistive load dissipates the energy as heat (Joule heating). This process effectively removes energy from the mechanical system (the foot), acting as a shock absorber.
Resistive Shunt: Dissipates energy, providing broadband damping.
Resonant Shunt (Inductor + Resistor): Can be tuned to dampen specific frequencies, such as the high-frequency transient of heel strike.
This "gentle" absorption is superior to passive foam because it is tunable. By varying the resistance of the shunt circuit in real-time using the onboard microcontroller, the shoe can adjust its cushioning properties based on the user's weight, speed, and the surface hardness. It represents the "social capital" of the system—the capacity to absorb and dissipate the shocks of the environment to protect the individual.
5.3 The "Sharp" Response: Electro-Tactile Trigger
The "sharp" tactile response is the active safety feature of the Razors Edge. The harvested energy is not just dissipated; a portion is rectified and stored in a supercapacitor bank. When the predictive algorithm (discussed in Section 6) detects imminent instability, this stored energy is discharged instantaneously into an electro-tactile stimulator grid embedded in the insole.
Electro-tactile stimulation excites the cutaneous nerve fibers (specifically the A-beta fibers) directly via an electric current, without the need for mechanical movement. This creates a sensation that can range from a tingle to a sharp "tap" depending on the frequency, pulse width, and current amplitude.
Unlike vibration motors, which have mechanical inertia and slow rise times (tens of milliseconds), electro-tactile stimulation is instantaneous (<1ms latency). This speed is critical for preventing ankle sprains, which can occur in under 100 milliseconds. The "sharpness" of the stimulus ensures it cuts through the sensory noise of running, acting as a high-priority interrupt to the central nervous system. It alerts the user to engage the peroneus longus to correct ankle inversion before the sprain occurs.
Research confirms that electro-tactile feedback is highly effective for balance training, offering better "feel-through" (preservation of ground sensation) compared to bulky vibration motors. The stimulus is applied to the plantar surface, which has a high density of fast-adapting mechanoreceptors, ensuring immediate perception.
6. Predictive Intelligence: The Gyro and The Algorithm
6.1 Sensor Fusion Architecture
Central to the Razors Edge safety system is an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) containing a 3-axis gyroscope and a 3-axis accelerometer. These sensors monitor the angular velocity and linear acceleration of the foot at sampling rates exceeding 100Hz.
To predict instability, the system must distinguish between normal gait variability and pathological deviation. This requires advanced signal processing. The raw sensor data is fused using a Kalman Filter. The Kalman Filter is an iterative mathematical algorithm that estimates the state of the system (foot orientation and velocity) by minimizing the mean squared error of the measurements. It excels at filtering out the "noise" inherent in walking data to reveal the true trajectory of the foot.
6.2 Machine Learning for Gait Classification
Beyond simple filtering, the Razors Edge employs an onboard machine learning classifier to predict instability before it occurs. Studies have demonstrated that Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forest algorithms can classify gait patterns with accuracy exceeding 90% when using combined accelerometer and gyroscope features.
The algorithm monitors key feature vectors constructed from the sensor data:
Peak Inversion Velocity: Excessive angular velocity towards inversion during the swing-to-stance transition is a primary predictor of sprains.
Stride Time Variability: Increased variability in stride timing is a clinical marker of instability and fall risk.
Plantar Pressure Distribution: Inferred from the voltage distribution across the piezoelectric skin.
When the SVM calculates a probability of instability crossing a safety threshold (e.g., >85%), it triggers the "tactile response." This predictive capability is vital because reaction time is the limiting factor in injury prevention. By alerting the user during the onset of a deviation (the "pre-activation" phase), the system provides the critical milliseconds needed for the user to make a postural correction.
6.3 The Closed-Loop Integration
The entire system operates as a closed loop, representing the "synergistic system" demanded by the mandate:
Sense: Gyro detects angular velocity; Piezo skin detects pressure distribution.
Process: Microcontroller applies Kalman Filter and SVM to predict trajectory.
Act:
If Stable: Piezo energy is shunted to provide damping (Impact Absorption).
If Unstable: Stored energy is discharged as a sharp electro-tactile pulse (Tactile Trigger).
Adapt: The nano-hinge skin cascades to mechanically guide the foot back to neutral (Micro-Deviation correction).
This loop ensures that the "working capital" (energy) is directed efficiently—either to comfort (damping) or safety (trigger)—depending on the immediate needs of the user.
7. Manufacturing and Material Science: The Carbon DLS Lattice
7.1 Digital Light Synthesis (DLS)
To house the nano-skin and electronics, the Razors Edge utilizes a midsole manufactured via Carbon Digital Light Synthesis (DLS). This additive manufacturing process uses digital light projection, oxygen-permeable optics, and programmable liquid resins to produce parts with isotropic properties.
Unlike traditional injection molding, Carbon DLS allows for the creation of complex lattice structures. These lattices can be functionally graded, meaning the stiffness and energy return can vary across the sole without changing materials.
Heel Zone: Designed with a high-damping lattice geometry to maximize energy absorption during heel strike.
Midfoot Zone: Stiffer lattice to support the arch and house the PCB/Battery/Gyro assembly.
Forefoot Zone: High-rebound lattice to assist propulsion.
This monolithic construction eliminates the need for gluing separate foam layers, increasing durability and reducing the risk of delamination—a critical factor for a shoe designed to last through the "safety glide" of a post-industrial career.
7.2 Auxetic Metamaterials
The lattice structure is specifically engineered to be auxetic. Auxetic materials possess a negative Poisson's ratio; when compressed, they contract laterally rather than expanding. In the context of the Razors Edge, an auxetic midsole offers superior conformability. When the foot impacts the ground, the sole contracts inward, hugging the foot and increasing the contact area.
This increased contact area has two benefits:
Pressure Distribution: It distributes plantar pressure more evenly, reducing hotspots and enhancing comfort.
Sensor Interface: It ensures consistent contact between the foot and the electro-tactile skin, which is crucial for the reliability of the haptic feedback. Furthermore, auxetic structures have been shown to have superior energy absorption capabilities compared to conventional foams, making them ideal for high-impact training.
7.3 "Living" Materials and Programmability
Looking toward the future of the "Go Native" brand, the manufacturing process is designed to accommodate programmable matter. Research at MIT and other institutes explores materials that can self-assemble or change shape in response to moisture or temperature.
While the current Razors Edge uses mechanical nano-hinges, future iterations could employ hydrogel-based lattices that tighten the fit of the shoe as the athlete sweats, or bio-based polymers grown from bacterial cultures, aligning with the "Native" ethos of organic integration. This vision supports the long-term goal of the "safety glide"—a transition to technologies that are self-sustaining and biologically integrated.
8. Aesthetic Integration: The "Go Native" Brand Identity
8.1 The Rejection of Brown and the Adoption of Red
The visual identity of the Razors Edge is defined by what it is not. In compliance with the government mandate, the color Pullman Brown is strictly absent. This color, once a symbol of the United Parcel Service, is now an "historical heirloom of a nation lost."
Instead, the brand adopts Badger Red.
Color Code: Pantone PMS 200 C / Hex #C5050C.
Symbolism: In a training context, red is associated with energy, dominance, and alertness. It is a high-arousal color that visually reinforces the active, kinetic nature of the shoe. It also roots the brand in the local identity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, home of the Badgers.
Secondary Color: White (#FFFFFF). The combination of high-contrast Red and White ensures visibility and creates a stark, clinical aesthetic that differs from the muddy tones of the past.
8.2 Computer-Generated Patterns (1981 Aesthetic)
The prompt references "computer generated textile patterns 1981." This specific aesthetic era—marked by the dawn of the IBM PC and early CGA graphics —is characterized by pixelated, geometric, and block-based designs.
The Razors Edge incorporates a "glitch" pattern in the knitting of the upper. This visual style, derived from digital errors and block structures, serves as a visual metaphor for the "micro-deviations" and "interruptions" the shoe introduces to the walking path.
Jacquard Legacy: The use of these patterns pays homage to the Jacquard loom, the 19th-century progenitor of computing. Just as punch cards controlled the weave, the Razors Edge's algorithms control the "weave" of the user's gait.
The Tension of Eras: The design juxtaposes the organic (the biological "Go Native" concept) with the digital (the 1981 pixel aesthetic). This reflects the reality of the user: a biological entity living in a digitally monitored, government-regulated system.
8.3 The "Razors Edge" Logo and Branding
The logo serves as the seal of the new safety culture. While the prompt asks to "See Complete Logo," the description implies a graphic that embodies the "Razor" concept—sharpness, precision, and the cutting edge of technology. The "W" (for Wisconsin) is prominent, featuring a black shadow (#121212) to provide depth and contrast against the Badger Red field.
The branding is devoid of corporate fluff. It is instructional and utilitarian. The shoe is not sold as a lifestyle product but as "Training Gear." It is equipment for the "Postmaster General's" new workforce—tools for building a resilient, balanced citizenry.
9. Clinical Validation and Performance Metrics
9.1 Testing Protocols
To validate the efficacy of the Razors Edge, a rigorous testing framework is established, drawing from clinical standards in balance and gait analysis.
Table 1: Validation Metrics
Metric
Test Protocol
Expected Outcome
Clinical Relevance
Muscle Activation
Surface EMG on Peroneus Longus/Tibialis Anterior during lateral cuts
Increased pre-activation amplitude vs. standard shoe
Improved dynamic stability; reduced sprain risk
Postural Sway
Force plate analysis of Center of Pressure (CoP) during single-leg stance
Reduced CoP area and velocity
Enhanced static balance and proprioception
Tactile Acuity
Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test / Two-Point Discrimination
Lower threshold for detection
improved sensory input via stochastic resonance
Gait Variability
Motion capture analysis of stride time variability
Reduced variability (coefficient of variation)
Decreased fall risk; smoother gait
9.2 Target Demographics and Use Cases
The "New Worker": The primary demographic is the workforce transitioning from the UPS legacy. These individuals require "working capital"—physical health and resilience—to navigate the new economy. The shoe protects their joints from the wear and tear of labor.
Athletes (Volleyball/Basketball): High risk of inversion sprains. The shoe serves as a preventative training tool to build "resilient ankles".
Rehabilitation Patients: Individuals recovering from chronic ankle instability (CAI). The shoe provides a safe environment to retrain neuromuscular pathways.
Elderly/Fall Risk: The stochastic resonance and tactile feedback features are directly applicable to reducing fall risk in aging populations by amplifying sensory signals.
10. Detailed Technical Specifications
Table 2: System Architecture and Components
Component
Specification
Function
Source
Nano-Skin
4nm Block Copolymer Hinge (OPA1 mimic)
Impact absorption, directional guidance, proprioceptive noise
Power Source
PVDF/PZT Piezo-Composite
Harvests kinetic energy (up to 50mW); acts as impact damper
Sensors
3-Axis Gyro + Accelerometer (IMU)
Detects angular velocity (>300 deg/s) and linear acceleration
Processor
Low-Power MCU (e.g., STM32)
Runs Kalman Filter & SVM Gait Classifier (100Hz loop)
Feedback
Electro-Tactile Grid (A-beta stimulation)
Delivers "sharp" stimulus (<2ms latency) upon instability
Midsole
Carbon DLS Auxetic Lattice
Tunable stiffness, negative Poisson's ratio for fit/comfort
Upper
Jacquard Knit (Badger Red #C5050C)
Breathable, compressive fit; 1981 Computer Aesthetic
Connectivity
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Data transmission for gait analysis (optional)
11. Conclusion
The Razors Edge is more than a piece of footwear; it is a manifesto for the future of human movement. It rejects the passive, disconnected designs of the past in favor of an active, intelligent system that integrates with the user's biology.
By leveraging the 4-nanometer hinge skin, the device bridges the gap between molecular machinery and macroscopic stability. The piezoelectric ecosystem ensures that the energy of movement is not lost but reinvested into the safety of the user, embodying the "balanced social to work ratio" of the new economy. The predictive algorithms provide a layer of digital foresight that biological reflexes alone cannot match.
Furthermore, the product serves as a cultural artifact. In its rejection of "Pullman Brown" and its embrace of the "Go Native" Badger Red, it signals the end of the UPS era and the beginning of the "Safety Glide." It is a tool for a society that demands responsibility, stability, and strength.
The Razors Edge ensures that as the old systems retire, the people do not. They continue to move, to work, and to build—stabilized by the skin on their feet and the current in their soles. This is the restitution for November 5: a promise that we will not fall again.
Citations
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Naboso “Performance” Insole Features
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Accelerometer and gyroscope data are processed to capture dynamic changes...
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Carbon Lattice Innovation — The adidas Story
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MIT's future shoe can transform itself
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